It is generally believed that the soleus muscle (the deeper calf muscle) is relatively unresponsive to resistance training. In a new study researchers tried to investigate this by looking what was actually happening in the muscle after weight lifting/restitance training.

The weight lifters were asked to do three unilateral calf muscle exercises:

Standing calf press/heel raise
Bent-knee calf press/heel raise
Seated calf press/heel raise

Each exercise consisted of four sets of 15 repetitions. And that's a lot!
After each weight lifting session the fractional rate of muscle protein synthesis (FSR) was determined with a primed constant infusion of [2H5]phenylalanine coupled with muscle biopsies immediately and 3 hours following the exercise in both the exercise and non-exercise (resting control) leg.

The Muscle protein synthesis shows how much new muscle the protein will try to make. Although it was a little higher it was a lot lower than the vastus lateralis (a tigh muscle). The protein synthesis in the tight muscle was about 200% higher than the calf muscle.

And there it is. The soleus calf muscle does not respond well to standard weight training. So if you are trying to create bigger calfs, this type of standard weight lifting/resistance training may not be the best way to go.

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, October 2004, vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 189-196(8)

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